Vitamin D Test Range

At a Glance

Why Get Tested?

To determine if you have a vitamin D deficiency; if you are receiving vitamin D supplementation, to determine if it is adequate

When To Get Tested?

When you have an abnormal calcium, phosphorus, and/or parathyroid hormone level; when you have evidence of bone disease or bone weakness; when you are at high risk of deficiency or a healthcare practitioner suspects that you might have a vitamin D deficiency; prior to starting drug treatment for osteoporosis; periodically to monitor treatment of vitamin D deficiency

Sample Required?

A blood sample drawn from a vein in your arm

Test Preparation Needed?

None

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What is being tested?

Vitamin D is a family of compounds that is essential for the proper growth and formation of teeth and bones. This test measures the level of vitamin D in the blood.

Two forms of vitamin D can be measured in the blood, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. The 25-hydroxyvitamin D is the major form found in the blood and is the relatively inactive precursor to the active hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Because of its long half-life and higher concentration, 25-hydroxyvitamin D is commonly measured to assess and monitor vitamin D status in individuals.

Vitamin D comes from two sources: endogenous, which is produced in the skin on exposure to sunlight, and exogenous, which is ingested in foods and supplements. The chemical structures of the types of vitamin D are slightly different, and they are named vitamin D₂ (ergocalciferol, which comes from plants) and vitamin D₃ (cholecalciferol, which comes from animals). The D₂ form is found in fortified foods and in most vitamin preparations and supplements. Vitamin D₃ is the form produced in the body and is also used in some supplements. Vitamin D₂ and D₃ are equally effective when they are converted by the liver and the kidney into the active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.

Some tests do not distinguish D₂ and D₃ forms of the vitamin and report only the total result. Newer methods, however, may report levels of both D₂ and D₃ and then add them together for a total level.

The main role of vitamin D is to help regulate blood levels of calcium, phosphorus, and (to a lesser extent) magnesium. Vitamin D is vital for the growth and health of bone; without it, bones will be soft, malformed, and unable to repair themselves normally, resulting in diseases called rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Vitamin D has also been shown to influence the growth and differentiation of many other tissues and to help regulate the immune system. These other functions have implicated vitamin D in other disorders, such as autoimmunity and cancer.

Based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that two-thirds of U.S. population has sufficient vitamin D, while roughly one-quarter are at risk of inadequate vitamin D and 8% are at risk of deficiency, as defined by the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) set by the Institute of Medicine.

People at higher risk of deficiency include the elderly or obese people, people who don't get enough sun exposure, people with darker skin, and people who take certain medications for long periods of time. Adequate sun exposure is typically estimated to be two periods per week of 5-20 minutes. People who do not have adequate sun exposure may obtain the vitamin D that they need from food sources or supplements.

Common Questions

How is it used?

A vitamin D test is used to:

Determine if bone weakness, bone malformation, or abnormal metabolism of calcium (reflected by abnormal calcium, phosphorus, PTH) is occurring as a result of a deficiency or excess of vitamin D
Help diagnose or monitor problems with parathyroid gland functioning since PTH is essential for vitamin D activation
Screen people who are at high risk of deficiency, as recommended by the National Osteoporosis Foundation, the Institute of Medicine, and the Endocrine Society
Help monitor the health status of individuals with diseases that interfere with fat absorption, such as cystic fibrosis and Crohn disease, since vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin and is absorbed from the intestine like a fat
Monitor people who have had gastric bypass surgery and may not be able to absorb enough vitamin D
Help determine the effectiveness of treatment when vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, and/or magnesium supplementation is prescribed

When is it ordered?

25-hydroxyvitamin D
When calcium is low and/or a person has symptoms of vitamin D deficiency, such as bone malformation in children (rickets) and bone weakness, softness, or fracture in adults (osteomalacia), 25-hydroxyvitamin D usually is ordered to identify a possible deficiency in vitamin D.

The test may be requested when an individual is known to be at risk of vitamin D deficiency. Older adults, people who are institutionalized or homebound and/or have limited sun exposure, those who are obese, who have undergone gastric bypass surgery, and/or who have fat malabsorption are at an increased risk of a vitamin D deficiency. Also included in this group are people with darker skin and breastfed infants.

25-hydroxyvitamin D is often requested before an individual begins drug therapy for osteoporosis.

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
This testing may be ordered when kidney disease or abnormalities of the enzyme that converts 25-hydroxyvitamin D to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D is suspected. Rarely, this test may be done when calcium is high or a person has a disease that might produce excess amounts of vitamin D, such as sarcoidosis or some forms of lymphoma (because immune cells may make 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D).

When vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, or magnesium supplementation is necessary, vitamin D levels are sometimes measured to monitor treatment effectiveness.

What does the test result mean?

Although there are differences among vitamin D methods, most laboratories utilize similar reference intervals. Because toxicity is rare, the focus has been on the lower limit and what cut-off for total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (D2 + D3) indicates deficiency.

The Endocrine Society defines vitamin D deficiency as a 25-hydroxyvitamin D blood level below 20 ng/mL (50 nmol/liter) and vitamin D insufficiency as a level between 21–29 ng/mL (52.5–72.5 nmol/liter).
The U.S. Institute of Medicine has concluded that a 25-hydroxyvitamin D level of 20 ng/mL (50 nmol/liter) or above is adequate for bone health, and that levels greater than 30 ng/mL do not offer significantly better effects. However, it is fair to say that the level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D associated with protection from the many other disorders recently associated with a lack of vitamin D is controversial.

25-hydroxyvitamin D
A low blood level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D may mean that a person is not getting enough exposure to sunlight or enough dietary vitamin D to meet his or her body's demand or that there is a problem with its absorption from the intestines. Occasionally, drugs used to treat seizures, particularly phenytoin (Dilantin), can interfere with the production of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the liver.

There is some evidence that vitamin D deficiency may increase the risk of some cancers, immune diseases, and cardiovascular disease.

A high level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D usually reflects excess supplementation from vitamin pills or other nutritional supplements.

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
A low level of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D can be seen in kidney disease and is one of the earliest changes to occur in persons with early kidney failure.

A high level of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D may occur when there is excess parathryoid hormone or when there are diseases, such as sarcoidosis or some lymphomas, that can make 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D outside of the kidneys.

Is there anything else I should know?

High levels of vitamin D and calcium can lead to the calcification and damage to organs, particularly the kidneys and blood vessels.

If magnesium levels are low, they can cause a low calcium level that is resistant to vitamin D and parathyroid hormone regulation. It may be necessary to supplement both magnesium and calcium to regain normal function.

How much vitamin D should I be getting each day?

It depends on your age and sex. In 2010, the Institute of Medicine set the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for both calcium and vitamin D. For details, see the report: DRIs for Calcium and Vitamin D.

Is fortifying milk and cereals with vitamin D a good practice?

Yes. The amount of vitamin D produced by the body may be insufficient, especially when there is limited exposure to sunlight and routine use of sunscreens. Since dietary vitamin D is found naturally only in a few foods, such as cod liver oil, dietary intake would not be sufficient for most people. However, in the United States, vitamin D is routinely added to milk, fortified cereals, and fruit juices to ensure adequate dietary availability. Fortification of milk and infant formula has been a real success story in the United States, drastically reducing the rate of juvenile rickets and making it a relatively rare occurrence.

Can I get my vitamin D from yogurt and cheese?

Maybe. Although all milk is fortified, many dairy products are not, or are to a lesser extent.

Are there other uses for vitamin D?

Yes, there is a topical form of vitamin D cream that is used to treat psoriasis. Research is being done in other areas, including the potential use of vitamin D to help control autoimmune conditions.

Is vitamin D a necessary component of calcium supplements?

Since absorption of calcium is dependent on vitamin D, many manufacturers of calcium supplements add vitamin D to assure optimal calcium uptake. If you have adequate amounts of vitamin D from other sources, the additional vitamin D is not necessary. The amount of vitamin D in these tablets is not likely to lead to excess vitamin D or be harmful either.

You may be able to find your test results on your laboratory's website or patient portal. However, you are currently at Testing.com. You may have been directed here by your lab's website in order to provide you with background information about the test(s) you had performed. You will need to return to your lab's website or portal, or contact your healthcare practitioner in order to obtain your test results.

Testing.com is an award-winning patient education website offering information on laboratory tests. The content on the site, which has been reviewed by laboratory scientists and other medical professionals, provides general explanations of what results might mean for each test listed on the site, such as what a high or low value might suggest to your healthcare practitioner about your health or medical condition.

The reference ranges for your tests can be found on your laboratory report. They are typically found to the right of your results.

If you do not have your lab report, consult your healthcare provider or the laboratory that performed the test(s) to obtain the reference range.

Laboratory test results are not meaningful by themselves. Their meaning comes from comparison to reference ranges. Reference ranges are the values expected for a healthy person. They are sometimes called "normal" values. By comparing your test results with reference values, you and your healthcare provider can see if any of your test results fall outside the range of expected values. Values that are outside expected ranges can provide clues to help identify possible conditions or diseases.

While accuracy of laboratory testing has significantly evolved over the past few decades, some lab-to-lab variability can occur due to differences in testing equipment, chemical reagents, and techniques. This is a reason why so few reference ranges are provided on this site. It is important to know that you must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."

For more information, please read the article Reference Ranges and What They Mean.

Health Professionals – LOINC

LOINC Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC®) is the international standard for identifying health measurements, observations, and documents. It provides a common language to unambiguously identify things you can measure or observe that enables the exchange and aggregation of clinical results for care delivery, outcomes management, and research. Learn More.

Listed in the table below are the LOINC with links to the LOINC detail pages.

LOINC	LOINC Display Name
62290-2	1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D [Mass/Vol]
62291-0	1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D2 [Mass/Vol]
1649-3	Calcitriol [Mass/Vol]
14566-4	Calcitriol [Moles/Vol]
49054-0	25-Hydroxycalciferol [Mass/Vol]
46269-7	25-Hydroxycalciferol [Moles/Vol]
62292-8	25-Hydroxyvitamin D2+25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 [Mass/Vol]
83070-3	25-Hydroxyvitamin D2+25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 IA [Mass/Vol]
68438-1	25-Hydroxyvitamin D2+25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 [Moles/Vol]
83071-1	25-Hydroxyvitamin D2+25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 IA [Moles/Vol]
49591-1	Calcidiol and Calciferol Nar [Interp]
1989-3	Calcidiol [Mass/Vol]
14635-7	Calcidiol [Moles/Vol]
60493-4	Calcidiol+Calciferol [Moles/Vol]
35365-6	Vitamin D+Metabolites [Mass/Vol]
2236-8	Calciferol (Vit D2) [Mass/Vol]
47094-8	Calciferol (Vit D2) [Moles/Vol]
1990-1	Cholecalciferol (Vit D3) [Mass/Vol]
33958-0	Cholecalciferol (Vit D3) [Moles/Vol]
95593-0	25-hydroxyvitamin D2 (BldC) [Mass/Vol]
95594-8	25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (BldC) [Mass/Vol]
95595-5	25-hydroxyvitamin D (BldC) [Mass/Vol]

View Sources

Sources Used in Current Review

(2011) National Institute of Health MedlinePlus. New Recommended Daily Amounts of Calcium and Vitamin D. Available online at https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/magazine/issues/winter11/articles/winter11pg12.html. Accessed July 9, 2016.

(Feb 2016) National Institute of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin D Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Available online at https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/. Accessed July 9, 2016.

(June 2011) Holick, N. et al. Evaluation, Treatment and Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. Available online at http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2011-0385. Accessed July 9, 2016.

(Oct 2015) Tangpricha, V. Vitamin D Deficiency and Related Disorders. Medscape. Available online at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/128762-overview#a6. Accessed July 9, 2016.

(Feb 2016) University of Maryland Medical Center. Vitamin D. Available online at http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/vitamin-d. Accessed July 9, 2016.

Sources Used in Previous Reviews

Thomas, Clayton L., Editor (1997). Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, PA [18th Edition].

Pagana, Kathleen D. & Pagana, Timothy J. (2001). Mosby's Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference 5th Edition: Mosby, Inc., Saint Louis, MO.

NIH (2001 August 07, Updated). Vitamin D. NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health. Facts About Dietary Supplements [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/supplements/vitd.html.

Oltikar, A. (2001 February 09). Vitamin D. MedlinePlus Health Information, Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002405.htm.

Conlan, R. & Sherman, E., et. al (2001). UNRAVELING THE ENIGMA OF VITAMIN D. The National Academies, National Academy of Sciences Beyond Discovery, The path from research to human benefit [On-line Journal]. Available online at http://www.beyonddiscovery.org/content/view.article.asp?a=414.

Vitamin D Home Page. About Vitamin D. University of California, Riverside, Vitamin D Home Page [On-line information]. Available online at http://vitamind.ucr.edu/about.html.

DeLuca, H. (2001 January 18, Updated). Vitamin D. Linus Pauling Institute [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.orst.edu/dept/lpi/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminD/.

Miller-Keane Medical Dictionary (2000). Vitamin. WebMDHealth, Dictionary [On-line information]. Available online at http://my.webmd.com/content/asset/miller_keane_35600.

Merck. Vitamins and Minerals. The Merck Manual of Medical Information–Home Edition [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_home/sec12/135.htm.

Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 21st ed. Henry JB, ed. New York: Saunders: 2006.

(November 2006) Quest Diagnostics. Vitamin D, 25-Hydroxy, Test Summary (online information). Available online at http://www.questdiagnostics.com/hcp/topics/endo/vitamin_d.html.

(November 2006) ARUP Laboratory. Vitamin D, 25-Hydroxy, Test Directory (online information). Available online at http://www.aruplab.com/guides/ug/tests/0070277.jsp.

Saenger AK, et al. Quantification of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D2 and D3 Using HPLC-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Examination of Reference Intervals for Diagnosis of Vitamin D Deficiency. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 2006;125:914-920.

Utiger RD. The Need for More Vitamin D. New England Journal of Medicine 1998; 33:828-829.

Mayo Medical Laboratories. Vitamin D Testing. Available online at http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/articles/vitamind/index.html. Accessed February 2009.

National Osteoporosis Foundation. Prevention, Vitamin D. Available online at http://www.nof.org/prevention/vitaminD.htm. Accessed February 2009.

Bikle D. Nonclassic Actions of Vitamin D. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94: 26-34.

Mark S, Gray-Donald K, Delvin EE, O'Loughlin J, Paradis G, Levy E, Lambert M. Low vitamin D status in a representative sample of youth from Quebec, Canada. Clinical Chemistry 2008 Aug; 54(8): 1283-9.

Topiwala, S. (Updated 2012 July 19). 25-hydroxy vitamin D test. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003569.htm. Accessed February 2013.

Rennert, N. (Updated 2011 December 11). Hypervitaminosis D. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001594.htm. Accessed February 2013.

Tangpricha, V. and Khazai, N. (Updated 2012 December 10). Vitamin D Deficiency and Related Disorders. Medscape Reference. [On-line information]. Available online at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/128762-overview. Accessed February 2013.

Nguyen, H. and Chernoff, A. (Updated 2012 April 20). Vitamin D3 25-Hydroxyvitamin D. Medscape Reference. [On-line information]. Available online at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2088694-overview#showall. Accessed February 2013.

Nguyen, H. and Chernoff, A. (Updated 2012 April 20). Vitamin D3 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D. Medscape Reference. [On-line information]. Available online at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2088672-overview#showall. Accessed February 2013.

(2011 September). Vitamin D Insufficiency. Mayo Clinic Mayo Medical Laboratories Communique. [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/articles/communique/2011/09.html. Accessed February 2013.

Johnson, L. (Revised 2012 December). Merck Manual for Healthcare Professionals [On-line information]. Available online through http://www.merckmanuals.com. Accessed February 2013.

Press release. IOM Report Sets New Dietary Intake Levels for Calcium and Vitamin D To Maintain Health and Avoid Risks Associated With Excess. Institute of Medicine. Available online at http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=13050. Issued November 30, 2010. Accessed March 2010.

Report at a Glance. DRIs for Calcium and Vitamin D. Institute of Medicine. Available online at http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2010/Dietary-Reference-Intakes-for-Calcium-and-Vitamin-D/DRI-Values.aspx. Published November 30, 2010. Accessed March 2010.

(March 2011) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vitamin D Status, United States, 2001-2006. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db59.htm#ref1. Accessed March 2013.

Holick MF et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 96(7): 1911 (July 1, 2011). Available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-0385. Accessed May 2013.

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